As a leading manufacturer of complex machines for the automotive, solar power, wind power and aerospace industries among others , the quality and reliability of our products have been of paramount importance for over 30 years. Cobra manufactures and supplies braiding machines and braiding equipment that are used in a variety of worldwide markets. These include automotive, aerospace, medical, engineering and narrow fabrics companies. Customers range from multinationals to owner-managed businesses in the following areas:.
Eraser manufactures machines to process cable, tubing, wire and has served thousands of customers around the world for more than years. For more than 20 years now, Scheugenpflug AG has been a leading supplier of resin metering and dispensing systems for the automation of dispensing processes both at atmospheric pressure levels and in vacuum environments.
Emdep is a Spanish company that since has been dedicated to the design and production of control equipment for electric components in the automotive industry, being currently specialists in the fabrication of electrical test boards for automobile wiring. Brady Corporation is an international manufacturer and marketer of complete solutions that identify and protect premises, products and people.
Its products help customers increase safety, security, productivity and performance and include high-performance labels and signs, printing systems and software, and safety devices. Spectrum Technologies has been at the forefront of laser wire processing technology for over 25 years, developing and applying leading edge technology to provide solutions to problems in advanced manufacturing. Spectrum Technologies is a leader in the use of laser technology to solve a range of manufacturing issues. Ostec Group English version.
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Search all sites of the group of companies Ostec. For partners Our policy Promotion Focus on quality Contacts. Facebook YouTube Instagram Vkontakte. Home About Partners. Ostec Group cooperates with more than manufacturers. Dare Instruments. Vayo Technology Co. Storage Solutions. AEV Iberica and the subsidiary are AEV Equipment specializing in the design, manufacture, supply and installation of plants and complete systems for vacuum and pressure impregnation VPI for all sectors of the electrical and electromechanical industry on a global level.
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To test this possibility, we created transgenic plants in which expression of the RBRRNAi construct was under the control of the inducible pFAMA promoter, which may be used to target gene expression to differentiating guard cells Ohashi-Ito and Bergmann, Signal blue is observed in stomata. For clarity, the variance is not shown, but there was no significant difference in porosity value at any point along the vertical or horizontal axis between induced and non-induced leaves.
Our data indicated that transient suppression of RBR during leaf development led to altered mesophyll differentiation such that a more porous cellular architecture was formed. Despite the accepted role of spongy mesophyll as a key element of the leaf that allows gas exchange both within the leaf and to the external environment via stomata, surprisingly little is known about the molecular control of mesophyll differentiation.
To analyse the phenotypic outcome of loss of AtAGP19 gene expression, we analysed an atagp19 knockout mutant by microCT. However, when the pore size distribution was analysed, a significant difference along the vertical axis was observed between the atagp19 mutant and control leaves.
In particular, there was a loss of relatively large pores 0. To validate these data, we analysed a series of cleared atagp19 and wild-type leaves using differential interference contrast microscopy, and manually outlined cells and air spaces. MicroCT analysis of the atagp19 mutant. For clarity, the variance is not shown, but there was no significant difference in porosity value at any point along the horizontal axis. Solid tissue is shown in black. The initial premise for the work reported here was that a transient repression of RBR1 gene expression during a specific phase of leaf development would be sufficient to alter the patterns of cell division, but that, on recovery of RBR1 gene expression, the constituent cells would recover their normal growth such that we would be able to determine the relative contribution of cell division pattern on leaf function physiology from the more direct influence of altered RBR expression on potentially many aspects of cell function.
Our results indicate that a transient suppression of RBR1 was indeed sufficient to alter the cell division pattern.
At the whole-leaf scale, the phenotype observed as a result of this transient RBR repression was very similar to that reported for prolonged suppression of RBR smaller leaf area, smaller epidermal cells, abnormal stomata Park et al. These results indicate that tight regulation of RBR activity is vital during early leaf development. Our analysis of the leaf internal cellular architecture supported our initial hypothesis that the altered cell division pattern resulting from RBR suppression may lead to an altered porosity that would alter gas exchange and thus at least partially account for the observed growth suppression Parkhurst, ; Terashima et al.
Our results provide a quantification of leaf porosity that was derived from a 3D dataset much more quickly than by classical methods involving interpretation of 2D images Parkhurst, The actual values of porosity obtained are comparable to published values for other leaf types, suggesting that the microCT approach provides an accurate estimate of this parameter as also indicated by our manual validation of the atagp19 data. The ease with which these 3D datasets may be interrogated opens the door to work in which the variance in porosity in specific regions of a leaf may be compared and related to classical theories of mesophyll conductance and its role in photosynthetic function, for example.
However, analysis of the physiology of the induced RBRRNAi plants indicated that, despite the altered cellular architecture, the leaves were entirely capable of performing the basic function of a leaf, i. Thus, the observed decreased growth of the RBR-suppressed leaves is unlikely to be due to inability of the leaves to obtain sufficient carbon or light energy for growth.
However, the plants were grown under conditions of relatively high humidity, and decreased leaf growth was also observed in induced RBRRNAi seedlings cultured in vitro Kuwabara et al. RBR and related proteins are known to interact with a series of partners linked to long-term regulation of gene expression Qian et al. Despite the limited tissue sample size, further investigation of potential early leaf developmental stage-specific RBR epigenetic targets may provide powerful insights into the regulation of leaf growth. Our analysis revealed a previously undescribed aspect of RBR function: after transient suppression, partitioning of the leaf volume into air space and solid tissue was altered, leading to increased porosity accompanied by an increase in the frequency of relatively large pores.
This was most dramatic in the spongy mesophyll the primary pathway for gaseous CO 2 diffusion within the leaf. Cell separation is an essential and ubiquitous component of leaf differentiation about which remarkably little is known, with most work in this area focusing on the dramatic events of abscission Roberts et al. Our data are consistent with the idea that, subsequent to cell division termination in leaf development, AGP19 plays a role in regulating the degree of cell separation that occurs to define the spongy mesophyll, and, moreover, that RBR1 plays an upstream role in regulating this process.
Our understanding of exactly how AGPs function is speculative Seifert and Roberts, , but the work reported here identifies a potential link between a cell-cycle regulator RBR1 , a cell wall protein AGP19 and a differentiation phenotype cell separation in the mesophyll. Leaves have a specific histology that reflects the pattern of cell division and growth over time. The distribution of the resultant cell types generates identifiable tissues that perform specific functions so that the organ functions as a whole. This function may generally be described as the physiology of the organ, and, in the context of the leaf, encompasses activities such as photosynthesis and gas exchange.
Various models relating leaf cellular architecture to photosynthesis have been generated, but a frequent limitation of these models has been the difficulty of relating 3D cellular architecture to the measured values of physiological processes, with various assumptions being made regarding gas flux Parkhurst, We believe that this is an extremely powerful approach, with advances in microCT imaging especially allowing clearer, quantitative insights into the cellular outcome of altered cell-cycle gene expression.
This is encouraging from an agronomic point of view, as it suggests that plants have an inherent capacity for increased efficiency in photosynthesis that may be selected or engineered von Caemmerer and Evans, However, on the other hand, it suggests that our ability to exploit such potential may be limited by endogenous mechanisms that autoregulate leaf physiology towards a developmentally set level.
Understanding how that level is set and to what extent the system may be re-modelled for agronomic advantage is a major challenge for the future. After germination, seedlings with four visible leaves were transplanted into individual pots. All reactions were performed in triplicate with three independent biological replicates per sample. Primer sequences are listed in Table S1. To image the epidermis, after fixation, the tissue was cleared Kuwabara et al.
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After staining with toluidine blue 0. Each leaf was wrapped around a glass rod and placed in a 1. Projection images were reconstructed using Datos rec reconstruction software GE Sensing and Inspection Technologies GmbH using a filtered back-projection algorithm. Leaf morphology and intracellular air space were quantified using the automatic material calibration tool within Studio Max version 2. The intracellular pore space was quantified within a region of interest created from a mask fitted to the surface of the leaf by summing the voxels defined as air from the calibration.
The leaf vapour pressure deficit was maintained at 1. To correct gas exchange measurements for leaf area, a permanent marker was used to mark onto the leaf the location of the inner edges of the cuvette gaskets after each measurement was made. An image of the rosette and a steel ruler scale was then captured using a digital camera. ImageJ was used to measure the projected leaf area inside the cuvette.
Each round of measurements included each of the four treatment types WT or RBRRNAi, induced or mock-induced , with the order being shuffled so that two samples of the same type were never measured consecutively. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. The Plant Journal.