The service module is responsible for the supply of energy, control, telecommunications and other operational functions of the satellite. The principal characteristics of the satellite are as follows. Orbital Welding Orbital welding was developed in the nineteen sixties to attend the needs of the aerospace industry, in particular the manufacturing of high integrity components, such as hydraulic systems.
I Intercâmbio de Capoeira no município de Condor
The failures found in the welds of these parts during the flight of aircraft close to the speed of sound brought about the development of orbital welding. From the nineteen-eighties on, orbital welding has been employed in various areas such as semiconductors, pharmaceutical, food and nuclear industries, amongst others, not only in function of the advances in quality and integrity of the welded joints, but also for productivity reasons, smooth surfaces weld bead, increase in the corrosion resistance levels, and practicality when compared to manual welding or other processes.
Orbital welding is a mechanized version of the Tungsten Inert Gas process, which is used exclusively in tubes and pipes. TIG is one of the fusion welding processes or, that is, those in which the energy applied supplies enough heat to fuse the parts.
This energy is provided by an electrical arc, which is defined as being the passage of an electrical current through an ionized atmosphere between two electrodes submitted to a potential difference. One of these is the base metal component and the other, the so called electrode, non-consumable and made out of pure or alloyed tungsten. In general the joining of small diameter and reduced thickness tubes uses butt welds and single pass welding. In this process the tubes are kept stationary while the electrode passes along the weld joint forming the weld bead.
The operation is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere which is responsible for the protection of the extremities of the electrode, the weld pool, and the heated regions of the component from atmospheric contamination. The orbital system consists of a programmable power source, electric cables and gas hoses, a weld head and optional accessories such as remote control and refrigeration system. For manual operations the insertion of the torch and pedal, the latter being to control the amperage, are indispensable.
The power supply is a piece of programmable equipment, whose welding sequence is controlled by a microprocessor. That is to say the operation is performed automatically without the use of an operator, which guarantees the repeatability and consequently the quality of the beads.
Welding skill and welding time are drastically reduced, thereby greatly reducing costs. Due to programming it is possible to adjust different levels of amperage, speed and welding time in function of the diameter and thickness of the material to be welded. The design of the weld heads is compact and independent. They are cooled or not and are suitable for use in an elevated duty cycle and used to weld a large range of tubes.
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The weld head components are bipartite and due to the high degree of manufacturing precision, the electrode remains aligned with the weld joint throughout the welding cycle. The Infrastructure Project The initial phase of the work consists of projecting and implanting a welding laboratory which is capable of attending the manufacturing specifications of the very high purity Propulsion System of the CBERS satellite. In this type of set up, the use of a clean room with precise humidity, temperature and particulated control is absolutely necessary.
The specified values for the above mentioned parameters are achieved by installing filters and equipment which purify the air in the work environment. The second stage involves the purchasing of imported equipment which provides continuity for the manufacturing stages. Amongst these are, the system for components final cleaning, the particle counter and lastly the orbital TIG power unit from Arc Machines Inc.
The final phase involves the training of personnel in the previously mentioned manufacturing process, that is to say, the correct method of operating the equipment during the stages of cutting, facing, bending, pickling, integration, tacking and welding, inspection and testing. Special Considerations For Welding Titanium And Its Alloys: Titanium given its high reactivity to temperatures above oC, principally with atmospheric gases, presents difficulty in terms of welding due to the risk of contamination by these gases.
Once this happens, it provokes fragility which is characterized by an excessive increase in the ultimate strength and accompanied by a reduction in ductility, toughness and corrosion resistance. Based on this, the minimum condition for any process to applied in welding titanium and its alloys is to make sure of efficient protection in the area when using temperatures equal to or above that already mentioned.
In relation to methods restricting the effect of contamination, it is important to emphasize the adoption of a chemical cleaning procedure to completely remove the oxide layer as well as the residues of organic products which have arisen from the manufacturing process. The heat input should be kept at reduced levels, so as to diminish the extension of the heat affected zone and consequently the area protected by the inert atmosphere, thereby minimizing the contamination risks. Another characteristic related to the use of elevated heat inputs is the presence of concavity in the weld beads.
If the level of concavity is serious, it could lead to the disposal of the welded component. Materials and Consumables The base metal employed is commercially pure titanium, which is imported in the form of seamless tubes, fittings union cross, tees and spherical connection and components filters, valves, transducers with a diameter and thickness equal to 6. Qualification The initial phase of the experiments involves the surveying of the welding parameters accompanied by qualification.
Firstly the tubes are cut into appropriate lengths, which is followed by the facing of both extremities respecting requirements in relation to perpendicularity, section roundness, deburring and bevelling of the edges. Next, argon is injected into the tubes to remove and residues left over from these operations. During the pickling the internal and external diameter of each one of the samples is verified before and after its termination to establish the correct time of pickling. Following this the tubes are placed in plastic bags and protected with high purity argon up to the time of use.
The following stage involves the surveying of parameters for the manual tacking and welding operations. Three distinct procedures have been developed for the welding of pure titanium tubes:. The CBERS Propulsion System consists of 42 components, various connections and small diameter tubes to interconnect them, as to form the ultra high purity circuit lines of hydrazine.
The assembly as a whole is made from pure titanium and has weld joints. The process of orbital TIG welding was decided on for a variety of reasons such as quality, reliability, productivity and versatility of this kind of process in relation to manual welding and others processes. In order to facilitate the welding operation, the system was divided into groups.
Step 1: Making the PCB (V3)
Each one was assembled separately following the previously qualified manufacturing sequence and integrating them to the satellite body as the work developed. As it is an ultra high purity system where one error, no matter how small, can lead to the loss of the whole unit, the precautions begin with the handling and stocking of parts components, tubes, and connections.
These, after detailed inspection to verify their conformity with the established specifications, are segregated in denominated quarantine areas, in which the temperature, humidity and particle levels are maintained in accordance with the adopted standards. As the work progresses, the parts are separated according to their needs and handled with special gloves so as to avoid any contamination. The first stage consists of the bending of the tubes in accordance with the project design, the pre assembling, the cutting and facing of the ends, the precision of which is indispensable in guaranteeing the quality and consistence of the weld beads.
The next stage concentrates on the integration of the parts with the help of special clamps, so as to guarantee precision in lining up the weld joints tube to tube, tube to connection, tube to component in accordance with the permitted standards. The weld joints are individually inspected using a magnifying glass in order to verify the absence of gaps or lack of alignment.
On approval the set up is dismantled and the parts are sent for cleaning. One of the basic conditions for the success when welding the Propulsion System is the inexistence of contaminating material grease, oil, dust etc. The pickling phase corresponds to the removal of these impurities as well as the oxide layer.
Next the parts are placed in plastic bags filled with argon, so as to completely eliminate any type of contamination. They are subsequently sent for final cleaning for particulate size control in a machine where isopropyl alcohol circulates. Over 7 Million Items. Read free hentai comics about 3D - Bisexual - Furry - Futanari - Gay - Incest - Interracial - Lesbian - pregnant - rape - tentacles - yaoi - yuri and much more!
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